Burton Group's Directory Survey: "Burton Group defines identity management as “A set of processes, and a supporting infrastructure, for the creation, maintenance, and use of digital identities.” Burton’s definition of identity management also comprises user management, directory services, authentication, and access management. User management and access management further include identity administration, policy administration, and provisioning.

One challenge directory-services implementers face is dealing with the existing systems built with their own identity technologies. These outmoded systems contribute to the cost, complexity, and data inconsistencies of most modern enterprises. Identity management is fragmented across overlapping boundaries, with inconsistent policy frameworks, and process breakdowns. Applications, operating systems, and databases lack a scalable, holistic means of managing identity, credentials, or policy across security boundaries. The resulting infrastructure is error prone, fraught with security loopholes, and expensive to maintain."

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